Research Proposal Essay

1TITLE An assessment on how product branding effects consumer purchase decisions in Food Market Chain Group (FMCG) goods and durable goods. 2BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Branding is a vital element in a business. Without a brand, retailers may be confused or give the customers the wrong products, while the customers have to explain in detail the type of products they want to fully satisfy their needs and wants. It can therefore be assumed that a brand acts as a sign, name or symbol for products and services. The main aim of a brand is to identify the products or services of a seller or a group of sellers and differentiate an offering of a seller from that of its rivals (Kotler, 2003). In recent years, brand played a significant part in the market as the marketers added value to the brand to make it more preferable compared to other brands in the same market segment. For example, when quality rice is mentioned, most people will think of Tastic rice. This is just one of the successful branding strategies 3STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study is to know the effect of brand elements on customer purchasing decision. The brand elements are brand image, brand association, brand name, brand logo and brand awareness. The findings from the literature and the primary data shows that brand elements have significant impact on customer purchasing decisions as well as the success of the retailer. It is common knowledge that the customer’s choice is influenced by many surrogates of which the simplest of them all is the brand name. Products offered by the retailer may be equally satisfying but when the consumer is satisfied with some brand he or she is not willing to spend additional effort to evaluate the other alternative choices. Once he or she has liked a particular brand, the customer tends to stay with it, unless there is a steep rise in the price or discernible better quality product comes to his or her knowledge which may prompt the consumer to switch the brand. Companies spend a lot of money and time on the branding and thus it needs a careful evaluation on the effect of branding on consumer buying behavior. 3.1RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The above examples show that some customers prefer one brand over another even though that brand is more expensive. Price may not be the important factor while the psychological factor may be greater, for instance .Therefore, the research aims to achieve the following objectives: * To establish if any relationship exists between branding and consumer’s purchasing decision. * To identify the major aspects of branding that influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. * To examine the consumers tendency to recommend brands and its effects on purchasing decisions of their friends and family. * To establish the changes in the relationship between branding and consumers’ purchasing decision when other factors such as price are introduced. * To understand the choice of the customer on whether it is branded or non-branded goods. 3.2RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study will answer the following research questions: (a)Does any relationship exist between branding and consumer purchasing decision? (b)What are the major aspects of brand elements that influence consumer purchasing decision? (c)To what extent do consumers tend to recommend brands and the effects of consumer purchasing decisions on their family and friends? (d)How do other factors such as price when introduced affect the relationship between branding and consumers’ purchasing decision? (e)Is the choice of the customer branded or non-branded goods? 3.3Significance of the study To theory The research will help in a way because it equips readers with the requisite knowledge about how brands and their elements affect consumers’ purchasing decisions. Readers can learn through the suggested recommendations provided by the researcher hence they can be able to make wise purchasing decisions during shopping. Therefore it helps to bridge the gap in areas not being addressed and also to advance knowledge in product branding and consumer purchasing decisions. To practice The recommendations from the findings of the study may assist retailers in the Food Market Chain Group (FMCG) to effectively brand products that help them gain a competitive advantage by influencing consumers on their purchasing decisions. Therefore the research enlightens companies in the FMCG on not to spend a lot of money and time on branding and thus it helps them to careful evaluate on the effect of branding on consumer buying behavior. To self The research is conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements to acquire a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) Degree in Retail Management. The research also equips the student with the relevant skills and knowledge which he will acquire during the research. 3.4Limitations The following are the limitations envisaged in the carrying out of the proposed research: a)Availability of resources The researcher is a full time student with limited financial resources therefore it is a challenge to obtain the required material for the research. Money is needed for typing, printing and travelling costs to gather the required information. To cut costs the researcher will use questionnaires to collect data in order to cut expenses. b)Access to information The type of research will mainly depend on available information from leading retailers in the FMCG. Some of the Branch Managers may consider the information confidential depending on the aspects of branding asked to them by the researcher. They may fear that the information will be used against them by their competitors. Therefore the researcher will assure the information will be used for academic purposes only. c)Time constraint The research is running concurrently with final year semester courses therefore the time may be inadequate considering other important and competing academic commitments. Therefore to balance the forces the researcher will use a small sample of the population to save time. 3.5Delimitations The study will be carried out at leading retail supermarkets especially TM and OK supermarkets. The research is limited to the leading supermarkets because they offer all kinds of product brands. The respondents will include customers and employees of the retail outlet. 3.6Definition of terms Brand The name ,term, design and symbol that allow consumers to identify the goods and services of a business and to differentiate them from those of the competitors ( Jones and Hall 2008 ) FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) The industry includes food and non-food everyday consumer products that are usually purchased as an outcome of small-scale consumer decision so they are heavily supported ( advertising ) by the manufacturers. Customer Refers to a person, organization or other entity that buys goods or services from a store, person or other business. 4LITERATURE REVIEW 5 METHODOLOGY The sub heading outlines the techniques that are to employed by the researcher to collect the relevant data and its subsequent analysis.Haralambos (1992) postulates that methodology is concerned with detailed research methods through which data is collected and analysis of data are used. It discusses the research design ,target population and respective sampling techniques ,data collection methods and the research instruments. 5.1 Research design Fisher (2004) defines research design as the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information needed to structure or solve the problems.The function of a research design is to ensure that the evidence obtained enables us to answer the initial question as unambiguously as possible.Dawson et al (2002) postulates that a research comprises of redefining problems and is thus ,an original contribution to existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement.Therefore searching for information and presenting it is the job of the researcher. The qualitative approach is the best research methodology which leads to a better understanding of how product branding affects consumer purchasing decisions. The qualitative approach includes questionnaires, observations and interviews. Interviews will allow the researcher to probe the respondents for more information. Saunders et al (2007), notes that survey design is a popular and common strategy in business and management research. 3.2Study Population Frankel and Wallen (1996) highlights that the study population includes all individuals whom the researcher is interested in getting information from and making conclusions. They further explain that study population consists of those subjects whose characteristics are similar to those of the in the sample and one makes conclusions from the sample drawn from this study population. In this study a population will refer to TM supermarkets specifically in Harare, Gweru and Karoi.O.K supermarket Gweru can also be included for the research to be effective and also to cut transport costs to the researcher. 5.3Sampling Allison, Scott and Russel (2001) stress a sample as a group of subjects whom the researcher collected information. A sample is a small part of the population which has the same characteristics of the population. The concept of sample arises from the inability of the researcher to test all the individuals in a given population (Castillo 2009). Sampling is therefore a process of selecting group(s) of subjects for a study in such a way that the individuals represent the larger group from which they were selected. The main decision which the researcher has to make is to whether go for a census or sample research. The sample was selected on a random basis that avoids bias and makes the findings more representative and credible. According to Kothari (2007) census means each and every element which forms part of the research will be investigated and sample means few elements which represent the entire research would be investigated. Practically it is not possible to conduct a census. Hair (2003) defines sampling as a process of selecting a relatively small number of elements from a larger defined group of elements so that the information gathered from the smaller group allows one to make judgments about the larger group. Sampling Techniques a) Random Sampling Method Basically there are four methods of sampling under random sampling. Simple random sampling is a method, which ensures that each element of the population has an equal chance of being selected to become part of the sample (Peatman 1947). Systematic sampling is when elements are chosen from the population at a uniform interval that is measured in time, order or space. Saunders et al (2007) describes stratified sampling as involving the dissection of a population into groups of strata along some dimension that uniquely distinguishes each stratum from the rest and is relevant for the information sought after. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into strata, with each stratum having relatively homogeneous elements. Once the strata have been identified a simple random sample is selected from each stratum separately, the sample corresponding to the proportion of elements in each stratum. Stratified sampling is used when the population is thought to consist of a number of smaller subgroups or sub populations such as male/female, different age/ethnic / interest groups, which are thought to have an effect on the data to be collected (Allison et al; 2001). Cluster sampling involves splitting the population into groups called clusters and is usually used when the population covers an area that can be divided by regions (Allison et al; 2001). The sample elements are then chosen from the different clusters to come up with one sample. b) Non Random Sampling Non-random sampling can be done through four ways, which are convenience, quota, judgmental and snowball sampling. Convenience sampling is where the sample is drawn for the convenience of the researcher. Convenience sample only includes those subjects that are immediately to hand (Allison et al; 2001). Quota sampling is where the respondent selection is in the same ratio as found in the general population. Judgmental sampling includes elements thought to be representative of the population and in this case the researcher attempts to come up with sample using judgment and the amount of error depends on the expertise of the researcher. Snowball sampling is commonly used when it’s difficult to identify members of the desired population (Saunders et al; 2007). The researcher adopted a non- probability sampling method because of limited resources at her disposal since it is based on available elements. Only operational managers and departmental heads of short term insurance brokers firms were targeted. Views were also taken from assistant insurance brokers. Sample Size According to Saunders et al (2007) the sample size is determined based on a 95% confidence rate interval, an estimate of margin of error and the total population which the sample was to be drawn. A general rule of thumb is to always use the largest sample possible. The larger the sample the more representative it is going to be, smaller samples produce less accurate results because they are likely to be less representative of the population (Wood and Haber 1998). The selection of respondents will the sample more representable of the retail sector and the findings credible. 2 questionnaires will be distributed per each retail supermarket. 5.4Instrumentation 4 Research instruments and Data collection For the purpose of this study, the researcher employed the survey design in which data was collected by way of questionnaires and interviews. This was done to ensure more internal validity of the research. According to Cohen and Manion (1980: 280), â€Å"the use of two or more methods in data collection is referred to as the triangulation method† The data sources can be divided into primary and secondary data sources. 3.4.1 Primary Data Primary data is that first-hand information collected directly from public. The data obtained through primary means usually accurate and provides more reliable information about the subject investigation. When primary data sources are used, data is acquired from the main source and is not derived from any pre-existing research. The primary data sources the researcher used in doing this research were (a) Questionnaires (b) Personal Interviews 3.4.1.1Questionnaires According to Saunders et al (2007) a questionnaire is a technique of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. Brian White (2000) postulates that a questionnaire is regarded as a series of questions; each one providing a number of alternative answers from which the respondents can choose. The questionnaire was used as this enabled the researcher to gather as much data as possible since the question was in both standard and open ended questions. Advantages (a) Questionnaires are cheap and the researcher does not incur high travel and accommodation expenses. They are printed on bond paper which is not costly though and need not to be necessarily colorful. (b) They provide anonymity of respondents and thereby giving assurance of their confidentiality. (c) Questionnaires are a relatively quick way of receiving a response. In some instances, the researcher had to wait while the respondents filled in the questionnaires and some of the questionnaires had to be collected a day after they had been dropped. (d) They avoid interview bias. Personal questions are often more willingly answered as the respondent is not face-to-face with the interviewer Disadvantages (a) As questions cannot be complicated, and need to be simple and straightforward, the richness of information that is sometimes collected with other methods is lost. (b) You may not receive a spontaneous answer as respondents may discuss the questions with others before completing the questionnaire. As all questions are seen before they are answered, the answers cannot always be treated as independent. (c) Respondents gestures and facial expressions could not be observed as these are essential communication signs that can effectively be used to evaluate responses. (d) The targeted respondents may not complete the questionnaire. For instance, a busy manager may ask a personal assistant to complete it on their behalf. Personal Interviews The targeted interviewees were busy people due to the nature and demands of their roles in their organizations therefore the researcher did not carry as many interviews as the number of questionnaires that were distributed. Appointments were made with respondents prior to interviews. Since the interviewees were busy with other company commitments, the researcher had to save on time and used a structured approach where a set of prescribed questions for the interview were set. Advantages (a) The real benefit of an interview is that you are face-to-face with the interviewee and thus any misunderstandings are cleared immediately. (b) In addition to the above benefit, also during the interview the researcher can re-word or re-order the questions if something unexpected were to happen. (c) The interviewer can encourage the respondents to answer as fully as possible and check as appropriate, that the question is correctly understood. (d) Response rates are usually higher than for other methods of questionnaire administration (e) Materials that need to be shown to respondents can be properly presented Disadvantages (a) They are time consuming, taking into consideration the length of the interview, the time taken traveling to and from interview and notes revision. (b) Interviews are subject to bias as some interviewees may tend to please the interviewer and as a result may not tell the truth. (c) Relatively costly time wise and in monetary terms. Secondary Data This refers to information from sources other than the main source, whereby some intermediate agent has compiled data or information in their own research and has now presented it as some part of a bigger study. This proved to be the most helpful method and thus accounts for much of the data used, especially in the literature review and the analysis sections of this research project. The Internet The internet unarguably forms the most endowed ‘library’ ever. The researcher accessed e-journals, e-books and works by other scholars and organizations via the internet. With ease, the researcher could check both technological and legal developments in electrical safety of other countries. Some of the questionnaires were sent to respondents via e-mail. Advantages (a) Provides the researcher with current updated information (b) The Internet is user friendly and provides the researcher with all referencing and cataloguing done electronically. Disadvantages (a) Internet speed and efficiency is dependent upon how congested the network server is and the higher the congestion, the slower it will be to retrieve information there from. (b) The internet is vulnerable to the virus risk. Computer viruses can easily corrupt documents before or after the researcher completes his work. Textbooks and Journals The researcher made reference to numerous text books and journals on competitive advantage. These journals and textbooks showed the researcher the different views of writers from all over the world. Data analysis and presentation Data collected from both primary and secondary sources will be analyzed and presented through tables, pie charts and graphs.

Lohri Festival Essay

In Punjab the life is lead in a different style. A tradition of living life with fun and gaiety, enjoying very moment, can be seen here. Glimpse of this life style can be seen every year on Lohdi festival, 12 January. Lohdi is celebrated in the evening before Makar Sankranti, in the northern states of India like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh and the near by areas. This day, the culture of these places display a new look. Lohri is not just limited to Punjab. But here the look of this festival is something different. This day, the color and happiness is in full beauty and liveliness. While talking about Punjab how can we forget mentioning Mustard’s Saag, Chapattis made of corn, smell of Earth, sweet smell of water from pot. Lohri is a festival of thanking nature, and, the spark of joy is different if it is celebrated in the style of Punjab. Lohri is also called the knock of Makar Sankranti. The folk songs in the evening of Lohri, make the environment musically beautiful. As per the Hindu religion, it is believed that what ever we donate something in fire, it directly reach to our God and ancestors. On the day of Lohdi, the swinging crops from farm are brought home, then it is burnt in fire.Dancing and singing people move around it and do a thanks giving. Here also, there is a different style of worshiping God. Although the festival of Lohri brings in happiness for every class and age people of north India. But, it is particularly special for young men, women and newly married couples. Today, youth, girls and guys, dress up beautifully and organise a competition of signing.

The Perspectives of Using Genetically Modified Food Free Essay Example, 2000 words

According to Klerck and Sweeney (2007), consumer knowledge plays an important role in expounding consumer behaviours especially regarding information and information processing; hence, knowledge is essential in GM food studies because of the apprehension in the public. Communication, especially during the initial stages, is an essential part for GM because mass media is the main source of communication that consequently results in public perceptions regarding GM foods. Most information in the media suggests that GM foods may be harmful to human and the growth of GM food crops to be harmful to the environment. Various studies confirm that this information represents key reasons why many consumers are reluctant to consume GM foods. Although in truth there are risks associated with GM foods, most of the accusations against it by the media are never grounded in fact and the media rarely communicate the benefits associated with GM foods to the public. According to Klerck and Sweeney (20 07), when consumers lack access to more impartial sources of information, their subjective knowledge that is mainly gained through controversial and biased media increases their risks perceptions regarding GM foods. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perspectives of Using Genetically Modified Food or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Various studies confirm that this information represent key reasons why many consumers are reluctant to consume GM foods. Although in truth there are risks associated with GM foods, most of the accusations against it by the media are never grounder in fact and the media rarely communicate the benefits associated with GM foods to the public. According to Klerck and Sweeney (2007), when consumers lack access to more impartial sources of information, their subjective knowledge that is mainly gained through controversial and biased media increases their risks perceptions regarding GM foods. According to Devos et al (2008), the significant aspect laying at the controversy of GM foods is the difference of perception regarding their risk from a scientific expert and laypeople. Experts often assess risks based on scientific standards while laypeople depend on less rigorous notions of risk. Therefore, in the GMO debate, laypeople tend to expand the notion of risk by raising various concerns like usefulness, socio-economic impacts, respect for nature, freedom of choice, long-term consequences, uncertainties and fallibility of experts and sustainability of agriculture (Devos et al, 2008). Therefore, since the public is never homogenous, there are various perceptions of risk in different nations, cultures and within different individuals at different times.

The 5-Minute Rule for Acpe Essay Samples

The 5-Minute Rule for Acpe Essay Samples Definitions of Acpe Essay Samples Observe that the objective of a persuasive speech is like the purpose for writing an argumentative or persuasive essay. The main component which creates a persuasive essay in English stand out from the remainder of assignments is the use of reasoning. Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning and the whole thought of your essay might be incomprehensible. The introductory paragraph is perhaps the main paragraph in the essay because it's the very first and possibly last opportunity to produce an effect on the reader. A persuasive essay needs to be able to grab the interest of the folks reading it easily. Readers need to be able to adapt the perspective of the author and see from her or his eyes on where he or she's coming from. The value of research in persuasive writing may not be overstated. Being a real college or university student, you will find how important it's to be a very good orator and understand your intended reader. Persuasive writing can be challenging, especially whenever you're made to face with a close-minded audience. Students have to compose essays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. A student ought to keep in contact with the hottest trends and know which persuasive essay topics are related to sound convincing in regards to defending personal opinions. You should incorporate an individual phrase for every one of your topics of assessment. Employing key words and concepts may also bridge paragraphs. The tradition is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. There are several free examples of suitable formatting. The Acpe Essay Samples Game Students shouldn't have to wear uniforms. They should not have to wear school uniforms because they limit students' ability to expres s their individuality. In general, they are asked to write assignments that take between half an hour and a whole hour. Students and teachers can buy balanced lunch and drinks besides alcohol, that lets them feel nice and study much better. If you're not healthy, you won't get to relish life. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Money also doesn't alter the way that people feel about you. Folks who possess a great deal of money have more things than others that have a moderate volume. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Acpe Essay Samples As soon as your writing is finished, make certain to have an editor review your essay for you. Just stick to the guidelines stated above, and you'll be well on your way to writing a decent persuasive essay. Don't forget that any argumentative essay sample you'll discover on the internet will require a full rewriting in order to prevent plagiarism. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. There's no ideal solution about how to compose an effective essay. Whichever topic you select, always don't forget the value of literature sources. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most crucial and frequently tricky parts for many students. If you wish to learn how to compose a decent persuasive essay, you're looking in the correct location! On the opposite side, obtaining a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Qualities of a very good persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. It will be simpler that you compose a great persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. The 30-Second Trick for Acpe Essay Samples In truth, it has to work a whole lot harder. All of the chief points ought to be concisely mentioned in the preview. After you settle on this issue and select the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. The main reason is you will not be healthy enough to do the things you like doing but will be limited. Your persuasive argument is going to be made stronger if you're able to demonstrate that you're passionate about the subject and have a strong opinion one way or the other. A persuasive speech is provided for the use of persuading the audience to feel a particular way, to take a specific action, or to support a particular view or cause. Moreover, each persuasive reason you offer ought to be supported by means of a fact or an example. Before writing down the facts and examples that you're likely to tackle, you ought to be well informed, first of all, about your topic.

What Is The Construction And Operation Of The Space Fence...

Environmental permitting for construction and operation of the space fence radar system was authorized in September 2014 with issuance of DEP-13-002.0, Construction and Operation of Space Fence Radar System. DEP 13-002.0 was subsequently modified in July 2015 and June 2016 to reflect updates in the design. The USAKA Environmental Standards (UES) section 2.7.1.1 requires submittal of an updated inventory of stationary sources of air pollutants upon completion of any new DEP that includes new stationary sources. DEP-13-002.0 includes stationary sources of air pollutants thereby requiring submittal of an updated inventory of stationary-sources. This minor modification to DEP-11-001.0, Air Emissions from Major Synthetic Minor, and†¦show more content†¦No response by an agency within 30 days shall mean the agency does not object to the proposed minor modification. If no agency or USAG-KA objects or disagrees with the proposed minor modification, the modification shall be deemed to be in effect upon close of the 30-day comment period. If an agency or USAG-KA objects or disagrees with the proposed minor modification, the modification is not in effect and shall not be considered a minor modification as proposed. Changes to DEP-11-001.0 related to attainment of ambient air quality standards are awaiting completion of an ongoing air quality analysis. The ongoing air quality analysis includes on-site ambient air monitoring on near the Kwajalein, Roi Namur and Meck power plants and updated air quality dispersion modeling for these sources. Background/Discussion Inventory of Stationary Sources of Air Pollution Section 3-1.1.11.3 of the UES indicates the inventory of stationary sources of air pollutants shall include the following information: (1) Source name, type, and location. (2) Location, nature, and height of the emission point. 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Some Major Parts of Industrial Relations in Bangladesh Essay Example For Students

Some Major Parts of Industrial Relations in Bangladesh Essay Trade union Trade union is an organization foresees. It is formed with a view to improve the condition of workers in the organization and in society and also for collective with management. A made union bridges the relationship between workers and workers and also between workers and employers. Trade union is an organization of workers formed to promote, protect and improve through collective action, the social, economic and political interests of its members Nature of trade unions of Bangladesh: The nature of trade union varies from country to country because the philosophy, mentality, political situation, ideology f trade union leaders and workers etc. Vary widely. Trade unions are subdivided into different parts. Their interval collision forbids them to unite and the The trades unions of Bangladesh are highly politicized. They are subordinated to different political parties. Trade unions in Bangladesh are structurally vary weak. Trade unions take part in different job related move ments as well as political movements not related to their jobs. The leaders of trade unions are very much concerned about their own selfish interests rather than the interests Of heir followers. Our trade unions are financially and structurally vary weak to face the united strength of their employers. The leaders of trade unions are autocratic in their behavior. Hardly they to listen to the genuine grievance of workers. There is a death of knowledgeable union leaders. Lack of knowledge about labor laws makes the leaders ineffective to safeguard the interests of workers visitvisit employers. The general workers have little faith in the integrity Of trade unions leaders. Objective of trade union:- To ensure standard wage rate for workers To help determine proper working conditions like working hours, leave, social, security etc for members To ensure job security of the workers, To protect the interests of workers ibis-a-visit the invests of the society. To reduce conflicts between wor kers and management of the organizations To ensure participation of workers in the profit of the organization. To develop job status of the workers To increase self-confidence and class consciousness of the workers so that they can work with dignity and avoid being exploited. TO bargain with management through ABA for different issues involving workers interests. To ensure participations Of workers in decision making With management in the organization. To remove the financial incapability of the workers and to protect them from autocratic mentality Of management. Trade union Structure in Bangladesh: The trade unions structure of Bangladesh is compared of the following three components: Basic unions: the leaders of such trade unions are elected by the direct vote of the workers. There are more than four thousand registered basic trade unions in Bangladesh. A) General trade union: Any workers or employee Of the respective enterprise, sugarless of the jobs, can be a member of this typ e of trade union. ) Industrial union: this kind Of trade unions is formed by the workers of an enterprise belonging to a particular industry like jute industry. Footwear industry, garment industry etc. C) Conflict union: this kind Of union is formed by the skilled workers of different industries; each member is skilled in one profession. D) Blue collar union: blue collar union is formed with those workers who are directly related to production. This type of union helps a decisive role in labor movement. ) White collar union: this sort of union is formed with the employers/ staffs of an enterprise who are directly related to production f) Reined union: this kind of union is formed with blue who blue and white collar employees together. The member of such unions is both production workers and office employers of the same organization. G) CAB union: such unions one bargaining agents of workers. They are elected by workers for a definite Industrial federation: Industrial federations are formed with the affiliation of different basic unions belonging to a particular industry. Industrial federations help solve job related issues of the workers through discussion with the management. This kind of federations of unions cans e embers of different national and industrial federation. National federation: national federation act as co ordinations Of affiliated basic unions and industrial federation. At present many national federation are united under are banner called SKIP but many federations have political affiliation for Which the labor movement cannot reach the desired goal. Challenge of R: Emerging trends and Issues:- Liberalizing has been forced by globalization. Both phenomena have been facilitated by the significant growth in world mode and foreign direct investment in recent years and why information technology which has facilitated rapid uncial transaction and change in production and service locations around the world. Globalization: there is no preparation to incite. The challenges of globalization the parties involved in the industry behave differently in the new circumstances. Important liberationists: FAD will be discommoded and industrial base would not be enough to sustain the economic growth tooth country. Prevarication: It will benefit management. But the employees have to be skilled and efficient enough to survive in the employment war. Information technology: Industrialization can be possible only through information technology. It ill help to sustain economic growth. Downsizing: Due to increased competition, some firms have become small er and others have been compelled to downsize their business. Reengineering: it is an inevitable phenomenon of globalization to maintain cost-effectiveness of a firm. Workforce diversity: In this time of global competing, employees any have multidimensional shill so hey can meet the various needs of the fir, at the time of need. Service and productivity movement: it is new trend In the developed world and it is becoming a global standard in the developing country as bevel_ Total quality movement: he current market is a consumer market and the producers and bound to maintain quality Of their goods and services as per the expectation Of consumers. Free flow of manpower: that the employee from different of the world Will move to their preferred place to utilize their shill and earn their just dues inevitable in this age of global competition. Managerial Obsolescence: to face the challenges of ever changing world of equal standard manager must make themselves equipped with the required managerial skills for sunning their forms in a cost effective way. Economic condition and social pressure: the employee s the developing countries suffer from economic conditions it they lose their job failing to improve their efficiency and productivity. Employee involvement and participation:- Typology of forms: there are a variety of ways in which bridge the gap not least. Through joint consolation and collective bargaining and these may be differentiated by reticence to three constituent elements; Method or extent, Direct forms allow employees to be personally and actually involves in the decision making process, indirect forms . The mans of employees to a relatively passive role and rely on employee representation to carry on the active role of session and deliberating with management on their behalf. Level within the organizational hierarchy: the process can tale place at any level, from the of the employees immediate work situation both broad level. Objective or scope: the managerial function and decisions which provide the content Of the participatory process may be task centre or power centre. Industrial rules: Withdraw Of co-operation: Withdraw Of representative from institution. Excessive of the formal procedures interpreta tion of any status co provisions. Absence Of flexibility on the part Of employees and their representatives in the resolution of work problems. Work to rule: strictly interpreting the duties specified in the contract of employment, collective agreement, job description or other rules and requiring precise instruction from management regarding the execution of work. Overtime bonus: collective refusal the work outside normal contractual hours of work, thereby affecting the role of production. Go slow: willing without enthusiasm and at a lower lever of performance than normal. Strike: temporary withdrawal of labor and stoppage of work, Work in: occupying the workplace and possibly continuing to work but management access to or contrast of the output. Industrial action process: The legal framework: at common lava a shrike is both a breach of the individuals contract of employment and a collective restraint of trade. But because it can be regarded as socially necessary industrial action has been given a degree of protection by statute law. Trade dispute: trade dispute contained in the trade disputes act (1906) any dispute between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non-employment or the terms of employment, or with the conditions of labor of any person. Drop The Bomb? (Better Version) EssayNegotiations encounter: The other Para also hired to do the same as the first part of negotiations. Its called the negotiations encounter. Termination: Successful negotiation result in termination, Pay: Paeans momentary benefit given to employee tar their work. There in another essence to pay and that is called wider sense. The range of financial benefits given to the employees for their work. Working arrangement: Means the way jobs are constructed and labor are used (activity that related to organization deeds. Describe/ Factory the determining to pay: (1) Squibb policy, (2) Cost of living (3) Compatibility (4) Profitability (S) Productivity (6) Gobo. Policy (7) Trade union. Working arrangement: Productivity bargaining: employees formal changes in a series of often interrelated working arrangements which may hinder the reticent utilization of labor. New technology agreements: Trade unions tried to ensue that the introduction of new technology was subject to collective agreement and that is benefit were reflected both in the terms and conditions Of the employees and in impending employment. Labor flexibility: The twin concepts of flexibility and core/periphery employees achieved prominence as possible elements Of managements strategy to become more competitive while at the some time, being reluctant to recruit more full time permanent reemployed. Grievance: The term procedure refers to those organization mechanisms which provide a formal regulatory frameworks for handling specified issues and in so doing define and limit the exercise of managerial authority and power. Grievance produces: The purpose of a gruesome is to establish the organization climate, objectives and manner in which manger will be expected to respond to any grievance or dispute presented by employees. Grievance process: (l) Industrial love: means that it may be used by employees or union to rename that management complies with the terms any collective agreements or its own policies and decisions. (2) Continuing administration of collective agreement: means that few of its provisions apply autocratically or without some parsons in authoring making decision about the nature of given situation and the making of the agreement. 3)Fractional bargaining: The grievance process may be used to each agreement on issues not overfed by the terms of enlisting collective agreement. (4) Resolution of any failure to agree which arises during negotiation: It is to this accept of its families as a formal part of the main collective bargaining system, that the term dispute may be most appropriately replied. Operations process/ Main consideration in the process g. P. 1. Work satisfaction: The satisfaction which employees seek from work both extrinsic and intrinsic Will vary both between employ and within each employee overtime. . Esoterically system: Increased formal used of the grievance/dispute recess may arise structural feature associated With the relationship Of the employees the their work and management. 3. Change and adoptions: The grievance process allows employees to challenges change obtain assurance that it is necessary and influence the change so that it causes the least disruption to them. 4. Power and authority: A management wishes to satisfy employees by finding a mutually acceptable solution, the grievance process is part of joint regulation within the organization. Short note: Job redundancy: Where a particular job cases to exist part the recumbent employee are founds alternative work with the organization. Discipline: Discipline means rules and regulation for conducting human life, Discipline in industrial relations is regulated through a pervasive system or both formal and informal assignments intended to ensure that the employees conform to the behavior performance standards necessary for the achievement of the organizations business objectives, Medicinal the disciplinary process: Disciplinary process: I _ Legislative phase: 2. Interpreting phase: Administrative or Judicial phase: (i) Setting standards: Definition of desired standards of performance or behavior. These may be codified in a specific set of disciplinary rules or, more keel in some farm of general organization rules. (ii)performance assessment: Assessment of the employees performance or behavior against these standards.. (iii) Action/mechanism: The control mechanism itself to implement corrective action by means of sanctions when the accessed initial performance. Iv) Feedback: On the effectiveness of the corrective action by assessing whither the resultant performance or behavior of the employee now confirms to the designated standards. (v) Disciplinary action: Negative aspects of disciplinary action. Implementing disciplinary actions: 1. Verbal warnings: This is the most frequent and least sense penalty. It is necessary to distinguish between informal verbal warnings, which one not part of the formal disciplinary procedure. He formal verbal va rying should be recorded and the employee provided with written confirmation, 2, Written warnings: Should clearly state the offence far which the employee in being disciplined. 3. Suspension: It is important to distinguish between a precautionary suspension pending a disciplinary investigations and a disciplinary suspension without pay as a sanction within the formal disciplinary procedure. 4. Transfer or demotion: The contract of employment unless they are clearly allowed within the contract or management sense the employees consent to any transfer or demotion. 5. Fine and deductions form pay: In the nineteenth century it was common far the employer to fine the employee far breaches Of the rules. But today this has kinetically ceased. This problem has always been that if the amount of the fine was small them if had little effect, but if it was large it could involve the employees in financial leadership and lead to assessment. 6. Dismissal: A dismissal should only take place when there is no other alternative amiable. In his event the employer should ensure that the dismissal is fair and reasonable and in accordance with both the disciplinary produced and legal framework. . Identify the contains of C. B? The contains of C. B are three brand areas to activities. These are- (i) Substantive area ? Terms Conditions (a) Related to work in a totality. (ii) procedural area ? Rules Regulations. Rules regulations concern with managerial relations. Managerial relations induce exercise of managerial authority and the participation of employee and thei r representative in organizational decision making. The specific activities are- ) Regulatory framework b) Managing tuition. C) Control of hacker. D) Protection Of employee desired against management. ) Certainty of organizational relationship. (iii) Patterning area ? Working arrangement / Working setup. Working arrangement refers to defining the nature of the work and the way the work is to be done by employees. It is primarily associated the development of bargaining and the organizational level. Its functions are- a) Productivity ? unit productions in unit time. B) New technology ? Means new devices made out of science. C) Flexibility agreement . Accommodation nature of agreement. . Identify the levels at which C. B take place? Three levels ? (i) Plant/Factory levels ? Is the basic or micro level unite where negotiations are conducted between the management to the current plant and the collective bargaining agents of that plant, (ii) Industry level Employees are several units in the same industry in the band together and form and association which negotiates which a federation of trade unions, (iii) National level The representative of the trade unions and of the employees at the national level negotiates on arrive at statement. 3. What do you mean by industrial democracy? The pressure of employee involvement an employee participation in industrial environment. Determine the state of industrial report. It is also called wonders controlled or employees controlled. 4_ What do you mean by employee dissatisfaction? Dissatisfaction means a grave and negative conditions preserving among the employees due to unfulfilled of the expectation. 5. Consideration for implementers disciplinary nations? (i) Representation ? Most procedures allow for the employee to be accompanied by a union representative or fellow employee. The rule Of the union representative is clear to present the employees case and to ensure hat management conducts the interview and disciplinary process in a fair and reasonable manner. (ii) Apparels ? Provision must be made for the employee to be able, within a specified time limit, to appeal against any disciplinary action to a higher level of management. (xiii Wiping ? To move from one level to sanction to the next does not require the employee to commit a further act of indiscipline of a similar nature.

Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs Essays - Writing

Writing Successful Introductory Paragraphs In the most abstract sense, the function of an introductory paragraph is to move the reader from the world of daily life into the textual and analytical space of an essay. In a more concrete sense, an introduction performs three essential functions: 1) it clearly and specifically states the topic or question that you will address in your essay; 2) it motivates topic or question that the essay will examine; and 3) it states, clearly and directly, your position on this topic or question (i.e. your thesis). Conceptual Components Persona - While reading your introduction, your reader will begin to make assumptions about you as an author. Be sure to project yourself as a thoughtful, knowledgeable, and nonbiased writer capable of dealing effectively with the complexities and nuances of your topic. Your introduction should set the tone that will remain consistent throughout your essay. In addition to emphasizing the uniqueness of your approach to your subject matter, you should seek to draw your reader into your essay with the gracefulness of your prose and the rational demeanor you project as a writer. Contextualization - In addition to stating the topic and scope of your analysis, your introduction should provide your readers with any background or context necessary to understand how your argument fits into the larger discourse on the subject. The details you use to orient your reader with your topic should be woven throughout the structural components of your introduction listed below. Structural Components Opener - In addition to grabbing the reader's attention, the opening sentence of an essay sets up the structure of the introductory paragraph. You want to create movement among your ideas, which is best done by moving either from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular. Essays which move from the particular to the general often begin with an anecdote, quotation, fact, or detail from the text that can be used to introduce readers to the larger issues the essay will address. Introductions that move from the general to the particular-typically referred to as the funnel structure-often begin with a wider view of the topic that will be used to establish a context for the more localized argument that the author will present. Topic or Purpose - The introductory paragraph must leave the reader with a clear understanding of the specific subject area that your essay will investigate. Defining your essay's scope in this way often requires distinguishing your specific focus from the larger discourse on your topic. Though this is not always essential, many essays include a purpose statement that tells the reader directly: "this paper examines..." or "the aim of this essay is to..." Motive - The motive is a specific sentence, usually near the middle of your introduction, that clarifies for the reader why your thesis is interesting, non-obvious, and/or contestable. In essence, your motive answers the question "so what?" that a reader might ask of your thesis. Because they show that the truth about a subject is not as clear as it might seem, motive statements often employ terms of reversal-"yet," "but," "however," &c.-that reflect a departure from the obvious. Thesis Statement - The thesis statement is the central claim your essay will make about your chosen topic. Since the topic area must first be described and motivated, the thesis statement is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Roadmap - Though this is often unnecessary in shorter papers, essays that are long (7+ pages) or especially complex are often easier for the reader to understand if the author offers some preview of the essay's structure at the beginning of the paper. In especially long essays (20+ pages), this outline of the essay's structure may demand a paragraph of its own (usually the second paragraph).